Ana Sayfa Dünyada Kuantum Etkinlikleri 2022 Nobel Fizik Ödülleri

2022 Nobel Fizik Ödülleri

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Alain Aspect         John F. Clauser     Anton Zeilinger

İsviçre Kraliyet Bilimler Akademisi 2022 Nobel Fizik ödülünü “Dolanık fotonlar ile ilgili deneyleri, Bell eşitsizliklerinin ihlalinin gösterilmesi ve kuantum bilgi bilimine öncülük etmeleri” sebebiyle Alain Aspect, John Clauser ve Anton Zeilinger’e verdi. 

Dolanık durumlar – Teoriden Teknolojiye 

Alain Aspect, John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger, kuantum dolanık durumları kullanarak çığır açıcı deneyler yaptı. Elde ettikleri sonuçlar, kuantum bilgisine dayalı yeni bir teknolojiye yol açtı.

Kuantum mekaniğinin açıklaması güç etkileri uygulamalarda yer bulmaya başlıyor. Artık kuantum bilgisayarlarını, kuantum ağlarını ve kuantum şifreli iletişimi içeren geniş bir araştırma alanı var.

Bu gelişmedeki kilit faktörlerden biri, kuantum mekaniğinin iki veya daha fazla parçacığın dolanık durumlarda bulunmasına izin vermesidir. Dolanık bir çiftteki parçacıklardan birine ne olduğu, çok uzakta bile olsa diğer parçacığa ne olacağını belirler.

Uzun bir süre, bu korelasyonun dolanık durumdaki parçacık çiftlerinin deney sonucunda vereceği sonucu belirlediği düşünülen gizli değişkenlerle ilgili olup olmadığı bir soru işaretiydi. 1960’larda John Stewart Bell, kendi adıyla anılacak matematiksel bir eşitsizlik geliştirdi. Bu eşitsizliğe göre, eğer gizli değişkenler varsa çok sayıda yapılan ölçüm sonuçları arasındaki korelasyon belli bir değeri asla geçmemeliydi. Ama kuantum mekaniği, Bell eşitsizliğinin izin verdiğinden daha güçlü bir korelasyona yol açacak bir deneyin varlığını öngörüyordu.

John Clauser, Bell’in fikirlerini geliştirerek bir deney tasarladı. Deney sonucunda yapılan ölçümler Bell eşitsizliğini açıkça ihlal ederek kuantum mekaniğini destekledi. Bu, gizli değişkenleri kullanan bir teorinin kuantum mekaniğinin yerini alamayacağı anlamına geliyordu.

John Clauser’in deneyinden sonra bazı boşluklar kaldı. Alain Aspect deney düzeneğini önemli bir boşluğu kapatacak şekilde geliştirdi. Bu deneyde, dolanık foton çifti kaynağı terk ettikten sonra ölçüm ayarları değiştirilebiliyordu, bu sayede dolanık çift kaynaktan çıkarken varolan ölçüm ayarları deney sonucunu etkileyemiyordu.

Anton Zeilinger bir dizi deney gerçekleştirdikten sonra dolanık kuantum durumlarını kullanmaya başladı. Anton Zeilinger’in araştırma grubu, diğer bazı şeylerin yanı sıra, bir parçacığın kuantum durumunu uzaktaki diğer parçacığa taşımayı mümkün kılan kuantum ışınlanma (uzaktarım) kavramını buldu.

Nobel fizik komitesi başkanı Anders Irbäck, “Yeni bir tür kuantum teknolojisinin ortaya çıktığı giderek daha açık hale geliyor. Nobel ödülünü kazananların dolanık durumlarla ilgili çalışmalarının kuantum mekaniğinin yorumlanmasıyla ilgili temel soruların da ötesinde çok önemli olduğunu görebiliriz.” dedi.

Nobel ödülü kazananlarından Anton Zeilinger basın açıklaması sırasında “Bu ödül gençler için bir teşvik – yıllar içerisinde benimle birlikte çalışan 100’den fazla genç insan olmadan bu ödül mümkün olmazdı” diye belirtti. 

Alain Aspect, 1947 Fransa doğumlu, doktora derecesini 1983’te Paris-Sud Üniversitesinde aldı, şu an Paris-Saclay ve Ecole Polytechnique Üniversitelerinde profesör.

John F. Clauser, 1942 Kaliforniya doğumlu, doktora derecesini 1969’da Kolombiya Üniversitesinde aldı, şu anda J.F. Clauser ve İş arkadaşları kuruluşunda fizik araştırmacısı.

Anton Zeilinger, 1945 Avusturya doğumlu, doktora derecesini 1971’de Viyana Üniversitesinde aldı, şu an Viyana Üniversitesinde profesör.

Çeviri: Hüseyin Bahadır Yay
Editör: Özlem Salahi Köken

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