Ana Sayfa Kuantum Mekaniği Bell Testi Deneylerindeki Açık Kapılar

Bell Testi Deneylerindeki Açık Kapılar

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Kuantum fiziğinin Kopenhag yorumu, ortaya çıktığı ilk dönemden itibaren fizikçiler arasında yoğun tartışmalara sebep olmuştur. Bu tartışmalardan en etkilisi 1935 yılında yazdıkları makalede Einstein, Podolsky ve Rosen tarafından ortaya atılan kuantum teorisinin tam olamayacağı yönündeki iddiadır. İlk ortaya atıldığında deneysel bir öngörüde bulunmadığı için felsefi bir argüman olarak görülen bu fikir, yıllar sonra Bohm ve Bell tarafından test edilebilir olacak şekilde düzenlenmiş ve 1970’lerden itibaren ilk deneyler gerçekleştirilmeye başlanmıştır.

Bu deneylerin temel amacı dolanık halde bulunan iki veya daha fazla fiziksel sistemin üzerinde yapılan ölçüm sonuçları arasında oluşacak korelasyonu belirlemektir. Örneğin belirli bir doğrultuda zıt spinli oldukları bilinen iki parçacık birbirlerinden uzaklaştırılıp spinleri rastgele doğrultularda ölçülürse, aralarında ölçüm doğrultusuna bağlı olarak bir korelasyon oluşur. Bell’in makalesine göre bu korelasyon Kopenhag yorumunda ve yerel-gerçekçi teorilerde (yani yerel gizli değişkenler yorumunda, bir başka deyişle Kopenhag yorumunun eksik olması durumunda) farklı öngörülmektedir, dolayısıyla iki yorumun hangisinin geçerli olduğunu belirlemek için böyle bir deney tasarlanabilir. Bugüne kadar yapılan sayısız deneyin sonuçları EPR iddiasının geçersiz olduğu yönünde olsa da, deneylerin hepsinde bu iddiaya açık kapı bırakacak bazı noktalar bulunmaktadır. Bu açık kapıların (loopholes) bazıları zamanla deneysel imkânların gelişmesiyle kapansa da bazılarının hiçbir deneysel metotla kapanamayacağı bilinmektedir.

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Bu açık kapılardan ilki, yakın zamana kadar, özellikle kuantum deneylerinde, detektörlerin kusurlarından dolayı üretilen parçacıkların tamamının ölçülememesinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu durumda sonuç korelasyonu tamamen değişeceği için deneylerin güvenilirliği de tehlikeye düşer. Böylece yerel gerçekçiliğin ısrarcı bir savunucusu, örneğin bilinmeyen bir fiziksel etki sonucunda, belli özellikteki parçacıkların ölçülme olasılığının daha yüksek olduğunu, bu nedenle sonuçların yerel gerçekçiliği ihlal anlamına gelmeyeceğini iddia edebilir. Buna çift-seçimi veya verimlilik açık kapısı denmektedir. Bu açık kapının ortadan kalkması için her seferinde yalnızca bir çift dolanık parçacık üreten bir kaynak ve kaynaktan çıkan parçacıkları yüksek verimlilikle ölçecek detektörler kullanılmaktadır. İlk defa 2001 yılında tuzaklanmış iyonlar kullanılarak yapılan bir deneyde %90 üzeri verimlilikle çalışan detektörler kullanılarak bu açık kapı kapatılmıştır. Ayrıca 2009 yılında katı hal, 2013 ve 2014 yıllarında ise fotonlar ile bu açık kapı olmadan deneyler gerçekleştirilebilmiştir.

İkinci olarak deneylere yapılabilecek başka bir olası itiraz iki ölçüm arasında yerelliği ihlal etmeden bilgi alışverişi imkânının olmasıdır. İletişim açık kapısı denilen bu durumda deneyin doğası gereği birbirinden bağımsız olması gereken iki ölçüm düzeneğinin bilinmeyen bir etkiyle birbirini etkileme olasılığı göz önünde bulundurulur. Yerellik iddiasının temelinde ışık hızından hızlı fiziksel etkilerin var olamayacağı olduğu için ışık hızından yavaş bir etkinin olasılık dâhilinde olması yerel teorileri olası kılar. Bu olasılığı ortadan kaldırmanın yolu da iki ölçüm düzeneği ve her bir ölçüm düzeneği ile kaynak arasındaki mesafelerin ölçüm süresi içinde ışık hızıyla kat edilemeyecek kadar uzun olarak belirlenmesidir. Bu şekilde iki ölçüm arasında herhangi bir yerel fiziksel etki olasılığı ortadan kalkmış olacaktır. Bu açık kapının kapatılması 2008 yılında birbirinden 18 km uzakta konumlandırılmış detektörlerle yapılan bir deneyle olmuştur. Aradaki mesafe deney süresi içinde ışık hızıyla kat edilemeyecek kadar fazla olduğu için iki uç arasında yerel bir etki olasılığı ortadan kaldırılmıştır.

Üçüncü olarak, olasılıksal korelasyonlar ölçüleceği için deneyin defalarca kez tekrarlanması gerekmektedir ve aynı deney düzeneğinde defalarca ölçüm yapılması önce yapılan ölçümlerin sonrakileri etkileme olasılığını ortaya çıkarır. Buna da hafıza açık kapısı denmektedir ve her ölçüm için değişik deney düzenekleri kullanılarak ortadan kaldırılabilmektedir. Dördüncü olarak, deney için üretilen dolanık parçacık çiftleri çoğu zaman ölçüm alınana kadar birbirleriyle eşleştirilememektedir. Dolayısıyla, örneğin bir kaynaktan art arda ve sık aralıklarla dolanık parçacıklar salınıyorsa, ölçüm zamanlarının yakınlığına göre eşleştirilen bu parçacıklardan biri önceki salınıma aitken diğeri sonraki salınıma ait olabilmektedir. Bu durumda farklı çiftlere ait dolanık olmayan parçacıklar ölçüldüğü için deney sonuçları geçersiz olacaktır. Buna denk gelme açık kapısı denmektedir ve ortadan kaldırmak için parçacık çiftlerinin salınımı arasında yeteri kadar uzun zaman olması sağlanmalıdır.

Son olarak ölçüm doğrultularının ne kadar rastgele olduğu yerel gerçekçi etkilerin ortadan kalkması için önemlidir. Örnek olarak bir deneycinin basit bir deney düzeneğini tek başına kurduğunu varsayalım. Önce bir ölçüm düzeneğini, sonra kaynağı ve en son da diğer ölçüm düzeneğini kurduğunu varsayarsak iki ölçüm düzeneğinin de doğrultusu deneyci tarafından belirlenecektir. Deneyci ne kadar doğrultuları rastgele seçtiğini düşünse de her zaman iki doğrultunun deneycinin zihninde önceden belirlenmiş olma olasılığı bulunmaktadır. Doğrultuların iki farklı kişi tarafından rastgele belirlendiği düşünülse dahi, bu kişilerin geçmişteki muhtemel etkileşimleri yerel gerçekçi teorilere çıkabilecek bir açık kapı bırakmaktadır. Ölçüm doğrultularının seçiminin rastgele olması için insan tercihleri yerine rassal sayı üreteçleri de kullanılabilmektedir. Ancak bu üreteçlerin altında yatan fiziksel süreçlerin de geçmişte birbirleriyle etkileşerek belirlenmediğinin hiçbir garantisi yoktur. Bu açık kapıya serbest seçim açık kapısı denmektedir ve tamamen ortadan kaldırılması mümkün değildir. Bu görüşün en uç noktası büyük patlama sırasında tüm geleceğin belirlendiği, özgür iradenin ve rastgeleliğin olmadığı bir evren resmi çizen süperbelirlenimcilik görüşüdür. Serbest seçim açık kapısına yönelik yakın zamanlı iki deneyden bahsedebiliriz. İlki 2018 yılında 100.000 civarı katılımcının bir bilgisayar uygulaması yardımıyla toplanan rastgele tercihleri kullanılarak ölçüm doğrultularının belirlendiği bir Bell testi deneyidir. Böylece ilk defa bu kadar çok insanın özgür iradesine dayalı testler süperiletkenler ve fotonlar gibi birçok farklı fiziksel temelde gerçekleştirilmiştir. İkincisi ise yine 2018 yılında, iki kuasar tarafından üretilen ve kuasarların aralarındaki mesafe sebebiyle en son 7.8 milyar yıl önce etkileşmiş olabilecek fotonların özellikleri kullanılarak ölçüm doğrultularının belirlendiği bir deneydir. Böylece eğer etkileşim sonucu bir belirlenim söz konusuysa bunun en az 7.8 milyar yıl öncesinde gerçekleşmiş olması gerektiği gösterilmiştir.

Sonuç olarak, ne kadar 1982 yılında Aspect tarafından yapılan deneylerle yerel-gerçekçi evren iddiasının çürütüldüğü genel kabul görse de, tüm deneylerde bu iddiayı kurtaracak birtakım açık kapılar bulmak mümkündür. Günümüzde açık kapısız Bell testi deneyleri (loophole-free Bell test experiments) olarak sunulan birçok deney de temelde deneysel olarak kapatılabilecek açık kapıları kapatabildikleri için bu şekilde adlandırılmaktadır. İlk olarak 2015 yılında yapılan ve verimlilik, iletişim ve hafıza açık kapıları aynı anda ortadan kaldırdığı için açık kapısız Bell testi deneyleri olarak adlandırılan bu deneyler daha sonra da defalarca kez tekrarlanmıştır. Bunlar dışında, özellikle serbest seçim açık kapısının tamamen ortadan kaldırılması mümkün olmasa da, kuasarlarla yapılan deneyde görüldüğü üzere açık kapının kapsamının sınırlanması mümkündür.

Bu içerik orijinal olarak QTurkey Medium hesabında yayınlanmıştır.

Kaynaklar ve İleri Okuma

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_test_experiments

2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loopholes_in_Bell_test_experiments

3. F. Laloe. “Do We Really Understand Quantum Mechanics?”, Second Edition, Cambridge University Press, 2019.

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