Kuantum bilgisayarlar, kuantum mekaniğine veya elektronlar ve atomlar gibi parçacıkların etraflarındaki dünyayla nasıl etkileşime girdiğine dayanan güçlü hesaplama cihazlarıdır. Bu cihazlar, belirli türdeki hesaplama problemlerini çok daha kısa sürede çözmek için kullanılma potansiyeline sahiptir.
Bilim adamları uzun zamandır kuantum hesaplamanın büyük ilerleme olabileceğini umdular; ancak mevcut sınırlamalar, cihazların gerçek potansiyeline ulaşmasını engelledi. Bu bilgisayarların çalışması için yapılarının ayrılmaz bir parçası olan temel bilgi biriminin (ki kuantum bitleri veya kübitler olarak adlandırılır) kararlı ve hızlı olması gerekir.
Kübit’ler hem basit ikili kuantum durumları hem de çeşitli fiziksel uygulamalarla temsil edilir. Umut vaat eden bir aday boşlukta (vakumda) havada uçuşan hapsolmuş elektrondur. Ancak, hapsolmuş elektronların kuantum durumlarını, özellikle titreşim hareketlerini kontrol etmek zor olabilir.
Fiziksel İnceleme Araştırması’nda yayınlanan bir makalede, araştırmacılar kuantum hesaplama için kübitlerin bazı sınırlamalarına olası çözümler belirlediler. İki farklı hibrit kuantum sistemine baktılar: bir elektron-süper iletken ve bir elektron-iyon bağlı sistem. Her iki sistem de elektronun sıcaklığını ve hareketini kontrol edebildiğini gördüler.
Araştırmacıların odaklandığı sistemler, süper iletken sistemlerde etkileşime giren Paul trap (Paul tuzağı) adı verilen boşlukta (vakumda) hapsolmuş bir elektron ve hapsolmuş bir iyon içermektedir. İyonlar pozitif yüklü ve elektronlar negatif yüklü olduğundan Coulomb çekimi nedeniyle bir arada tutulduklarında birbirlerine doğru hareket ederler.
Tokyo Üniversitesi Komaba Bilim Enstitüsü’nden Dr. Alto Osada, “Her ikisi de kuantum düzeninde boşlukta (vakum) havadaki bir elektronun veya hapsolmuş bir elektronun hareketini soğutmanın ve ölçmenin bir yolunu bulduk” sonuçta. “Hapsolmuş elektronların hareketinin kuantum düzeyinde kontrolünün yapılabilirliği ile birlikte hapsolmuş elektron, kuantum teknolojisi uygulamaları (kuantum hesaplama gibi) için daha umut verici olduğunu” söyledi.
Elektronun çok hafif bir kütlesi olduğundan, elektron ve iyon arasındaki etkileşimlerin güçlü olduğu görülmektedir. Ayrıca mikrodalga alanları ve optik lazerlerin kullanılmasıyla elektronun sıcaklığının kontrol edilebildiği de keşfedildi.
Araştırmacıların hesaplamalarının başarısını ölçmek için kullandıkları bir diğer önemli ölçü de elektronun fonon moduydu. Fonon, bir titreşimi ya da bu durum için konuşacak olursak hapsolmuş elektronun salınımını karakterize eden bir enerji birimini ifade eder. Arzu edilen sonuç, tek fononlu bir okuma ve temel durum soğutmasıydı. Temel durum soğutması, elektronun donmuş halini ifade eder.
Araştırmacılar, analiz ettikleri iki hibrit sistemi aracılığıyla bunları başarabildiler. Dr. Osada, “Hapsolmuş elektron sisteminde yüksek verimli ve aslına uygun kuantum işlemleri mevcuttur. Bu yeni sistem, kuantum teknolojilerinin geliştirilmesi için deneme alanı olarak kendini gösterir.”
İleriye bakıldığında, araştırmacılar, yöntemlerinin kuantum hesaplamaya uygulanıp uygulanamayacağını görmek için ek deneysel araştırmaların yapılması gerektiğini belirtiyorlar. Örneğin, fikirlerini bir kavram kanıtlama deneyi ile göstermeyi planlıyorlar. Dr. Osada, “Mikrodalga boşluğuna hapsolmuş elektronları kullanarak şablonlarımızı incelemeyi planlıyoruz. Bu araştırma sayesinde, kesin kuantum işlemlerine ve kuantum hesaplamanın uygulanmasına doğru bir adım daha yaklaşabilme şansı yakalayacağız.”
Çevirmen: Melike Zeynep Koçer
Redaktör: Muammer Ceylan
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