Kuantum bilgisayar, kuantum iletişim gibi kuantum teknolojilerini anlayabilmek için kuantum süperpozisyonun kabaca ne olduğunu, klasik olasılık problemlerinden farkının ne olduğunu bilmek şart.
Süperpozisyon foton, fonon, elektron vs. gibi parçacıklar için geçerli olan bir duruma verilen isim. Bir parçacığın kuantum durumunun aynı anda farklı durumlarda olabilmesi anlamına geliyor. Klasik durumda (mesela bir bit) sadece iki durumdan birini (0 veya 1, açık veya kapalı) alabilirken, kuantum bit (kubit) aynı anda hem 0 hem de 1 durumunda olabiliyor.
Fakat parçacık üzerinde yapılacak bir ölçüm bu süperpozisyon durumunu bozar ve parçacık 0 veya 1 durumlarından birine çöker. Sezgisel olarak bu olayı klasik dünyadaki olaylarla karıştırabiliriz. Mesela diyebilirsiniz ki yazı tura atıp sonuca bakmazsak para hem yazı hem tura durumunda olur, baktığımız anda da 0 veya 1 durumlarından birine çöker. Yanlış 🙂 Çünkü siz bakıp bakmamanız yazı tura sonucunu değiştirmez, bu sadece sizin sonucu bilmediğiniz anlamına gelir. Ayrıca tüm fiziksel parametreleri bilmeniz halinde para yere düşmeden hangi sonucun geleceğini hesaplayabilirsiniz. Ama kuantum dünyasında parçacığın hangi duruma çökeceği tek bir ölçüm için tamamen rastlantısaldır (random). Aynı süperpozisyon durumunda olan başka parçacıklar ölçüldüğünde, yani ölçüm sayısı artırıldığında, istatistiksel bir olasılık verisine ulaşırız. Bu olasılık ilişkisi ise parçacığın süperpozisyon durumu ile direk ilişkilidir. Bir kubitin kuantum durumu şöyle yazılabilir:
Burada |α|² sistemin 0 durumuna çökme ihtimalini verirken|β|² ise 1 durumuna çökme ihtimalini verir. Yani mesela |α|² = 0.4 ise %40 ihtimalle 0 durumuna çöker. Klasik olasılık problemlerinden farkı ise α ve β karmaşık sayılar olabilirler.
Kuantum süperpozisyonu anlamak için çift yarık deneyi çok güzel bir örnek. Bu deney ayrıca modern fiziğin temel taşlarından olan dalga/parçacık ikiliğini de çok güzel bir şekilde ortaya koyuyor. Deney için bir parçacık (elektron) kaynağı, üstünde çok ufak yarıklar oluşturacağımız bir perde ve parçacıkların çarptıkları zaman aydınlık bir iz bırakacağı bir ekran gerekiyor. Önce perdenin tam ortasına attığımız tek yarık ile başlıyoruz. Elektronlar yarıktan geçip ekranın üstünde tam yarığın karşısında olacak şekilde iz bırakıyorlar. Bu iz kırınım etkilerinden dolayı yarıktan biraz daha geniş. Beklendiği gibi bir sonuç, bir sıkıntı yok. Çift yarıklı bir perdede deneyi tekrarladığımız zaman elektronların parçacık olmalarından ötürü bir değil iki tepeli bir desen görmeyi bekliyoruz. Fakat böyle olmuyor.
Ekranda birçok aydınlık ve karanlık alandan oluşan bir desen görüyoruz. Ve bu desen iki kaynaktan çıkmış dalgaların oluşturacağı girişim deseninin aynısı.
Elektronlar parçacık olmalarına rağmen dalga özelliği gösterip ekranda girişim deseni oluşturuyorlar. Böylece bir dalga/parçacık ikiliğine tanıklık etmiş oluyoruz. Peki, kaynaktan çıkan milyonlarca elektronun yarısı bir yarıktan diğeri öbür yarıktan geçip, dalga gibi davranıp girişim deseni oluşturmalarını hayal etmesi çok zor olmayabilir. Fakat eğer milyonlarca elektron yerine deneyi tek elektronlarla yaparsak? Her seferinde sadece bir elektron ekrana çarpacak şekilde elektron akışını azaltırsak ne olur? Bu sefer parçacık olarak davranıp iki tepe mi oluştururlar? Bakalım ne oluyor..
Hayır, desende hiçbir şey değişmedi! Tek tek gönderilen elektronlar da dalga gibi davrandılar, ekrana her seferinde bir elektron çarpmasına rağmen yeterince bekleyince ekranda yine girişim deseni gördük! Fakat tek bir elektron ne ile girişecek ki girişim deseni oluştursun?! Cevap basit olduğu kadar “saçma”: süperpozisyon halindeki elektron aynı anda iki yarıktan birden geçmiş gibi kendisi ile girişim gösteriyor! Yahu olur mu öyle şey, ben elektronların hangi yarıktan geçtiğini görmek istiyorum diyorsanız bir de öyle tekrarlayalım deneyi. Üst yarıktan bir elektron geçtiğinde sinyal gönderecek bir sensör yerleştirelim. Hadi bakalım..
Sürprizli son! İlk başta bekleyip de göremediğimiz iki tepeli desen tek elektronlu deneyde yarıkları gözlemleyen sensör koyunca gözüktü! Gözlem, süperpozisyon halindeki elektronu üst veya alt yarık durumlarından birine çökertiyor ve dalga özelliğinin kaybolmasına yol açıyor. Tabii ki olay sensörün fiziksel varlığı değil, eğer sensörün fişini çekerseniz girişim desenleri geri geliyor 🙂
Direk çift yarık deneyi üzerinden geliştirilen bir kuantum teknolojisi (en azından şimdilik) olmasa da süperpozisyonun gerçekliğini ve kuantum dünyasıda olayların sezgilerimizin dışında işlediğinin güzel bir örneği. Kuantum bilgisayar ve kuantum iletişim gibi teknolojiler ise direk süperpozisyon ve dolanıklık üzerinden çalışıyorlar. Bu yüzden basit prensiplerini bilmenin kimseye bir zararı olmaz 🙂
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