Ana Sayfa Kuantum Bilişim MIT’nin Kuantum Bilgisayarlarda Geliştirdikleri Teknik Önemli Ölçüde İlerleme Sağladı

MIT’nin Kuantum Bilgisayarlarda Geliştirdikleri Teknik Önemli Ölçüde İlerleme Sağladı

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Yasir Ölmez
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MIT Araştırmacıları, Kuantum Bilgisayarlarda İki Kübitlik Etkileşimlerdeki Yaygın Hatalar İçin Teknik Geliştirdiler

MIT araştırmacıları kuantum hesaplamasının tam olarak gerçekleştirilmesi yolunda önemli bir ilerleme göstererek kuantum algoritmalarının en temel çalışmasında, iki kübitlik işlemlerde/kapılarda yaygın hataları kaldıran bir teknik geliştirdiler.

Ayarlanabilir bir bağlayıcı (bkz. Coupling (physics))/(bkz. ‘kuplaj’, ‘coupler’), kübit-kübit etkileşimini açıp kapatabilir. İki kübit arasındaki istenmeyen (ZZ) etkileşimi, bağlayıcının daha yüksek enerji seviyelerinden yararlanarak ortadan kalkar.

Physical Review X’de bu konu üzerine yayınlanan makalenin baş yazarı ve elektrik mühendisliği ve bilgisayar bilimi alanında MIT yüksek lisans öğrencisi, Youngkyu Sung, “Kuantum bitleri (kübitler) süper iletken ile düşük hata oranlarıyla gerçekleştirebilme yolundaki muazzam ilerlemeye rağmen, kuantum hesaplamanın yapı taşlarından biri olan iki kübitli kapılardaki hatalar devam ediyor.”, “Bu hataları keskin bir şekilde azaltmanın bir yolunu gösterdik.” açıklamalarında bulundu.

Kuantum bilgisayarlarında, bilginin işlenmesi, kuantum mekanik davranışlarının kaybına karşı son derece duyarlı olan kırılgan kübitler tarafından gerçekleştirilen son derece hassas işlemlerdir. Sung ve birlikte çalıştığı araştırma grubu MIT Engineering Quantum Systems tarafından yapılan önceki araştırmalarda, araştırmacıların kırılgan kübitleri korurken operasyonlarını kontrol etmek için iki kübitlik etkileşimleri açıp kapatmalarına izin vererek ayarlanabilir bağlayıcılar önerildi. Ayarlanabilir bağlayıcı fikri önemli bir ilerlemeyi temsil ediyordu, örneğin Google tarafından kuantum bilişiminin, klasik bilgi işlem(hesaplama) üzerinde sahip olduğu avantajın son gösteriminin anahtarı olarak gösterildi.

Yine de, hata mekanizmalarını iyileştirmeye çalışmak, bir başka hata katmanıyla karşılaşmayı sağlar. Yani bir hata çözümlemek, beraberinde bir veya birkaç sorunu getirebilir. Ayarlanabilir bağlayıcılar kullanırken bile, iki kübit ve kübitler, bağlayıcı arasında artık istenmeyen etkileşimlerden kaynaklanan hatalara hâlâ eğilimli bulunuyordu. Bu tür istenmeyen etkileşimler, ayarlanabilir bağlayıcılardan önce genellikle göz ardı edildi, ancak artık öyle değil. Artık bu tür hatalar, kübit ve kapı sayısıyla arttığı için, daha büyük ölçekli kuantum işlemcileri oluşturmanın önünde duruyorlar. MIT’nin, Physical Review X’deki bu makalesi, bu tür hataları azaltmak için yeni bir yaklaşım sağlamayı başardı.

Elektrik mühendisliği ve bilgisayar bilimleri doçenti, William D. Oliver “Şimdi ayarlanabilir bağlayıcı konseptini daha da ileriye taşıdık ve Controlled-Z kapıları ve iSWAP kapıları olarak bilinen iki ana iki kübitli kapı türü için yaklaşık yüzde 99,9 başarı elde ettik”, “Daha yüksek hassasiyetli kapılar, gerçekleştirilebilecek işlem sayısını artırır ve bu daha fazla işlemle, daha büyük ölçeklerde daha karmaşık algoritmaları uygulamak anlamına gelir.” açıklamalarında bulundu.

Hataya neden olan kübit-kübit etkileşimlerini ortadan kaldırmak için araştırmacılar, sorunlu etkileşimleri iptal etmek için bağlayıcının daha yüksek enerji seviyelerini kullandılar. Önceki çalışmalarda, bağlayıcının bu tür enerji seviyeleri göz ardı edildi, ancak ihmal edilemez iki kübit etkileşimlerine neden oldular.

Sung, “Bağlayıcının daha iyi kontrolü ve tasarımı, kübit-kübit etkileşimini istediğimiz gibi uyarlamanın bir anahtarıdır. Bu, var olan çok düzeyli dinamiklerin mühendisliği ile gerçekleştirilebilir.” açıklamasını yaptı.

Yeni nesil kuantum bilgisayarlarında hata düzeltilecek, yani bu kuantum hesaplamanın sağlamlığını artırmak için ek kübitlerin ekleneceği anlamına geliyor.

Oliver, “Kübit hatalarına fazlalıklar ekleyerek etkin bir şekilde ele alınabilir.”, bu sürecin yalnızca kapılar yeterince iyiyse, hata düzeltme protokolüne bağlı belirli bir aslına uygunluk derecesinin(uygunluk derecesi: aşılması gereken büyüklük veya ölçüt) üzerinde işe yaradığının görüldüğünü belirtti. “Bugün en hassas uygunluk derecesi yüzde 99 civarında. Ancak pratikte, makul düzeyde donanım yedekliliği ile yaşamak için bu aşılması gereken dereceden çok daha yüksek kapıların aslına uygunlukları aranır.” açıklamalarında bulundu.

Oliver, MIT’nin Lincoln Laboratuvarında yapılan araştırmada kullanılan cihazların, iki kübitlik operasyonlarda gösterilen aslına uygunluk kazanımlarını elde etmek için temel seviyede olduğunu söylüyor ve “Yüksek tutarlılık gösteren cihazlar üretmek için ilk adımı” olduğundan bahsetti.

Sung, “İki kübitlik geçitlerdeki yüksek hata oranları, kuantum donanımının, kuantum kimyası simülasyonu ve optimizasyon problemlerini çözme gibi klasik bilgisayarlarla tipik olarak çözülmesi zor olan kuantum uygulamalarını çalıştırma kapasitesini önemli ölçüde sınırlandırıyor” açıklamasını yaptı.

Bu noktaya kadar, kuantum bilgisayarlarda sadece küçük moleküller simüle edildi, bu simülasyonlar klasik bilgisayarlarda da kolayca gerçekleştirebilecek düzeydedir.

Sung, “Bu anlamda, iki kübitlik geçit hatalarını azaltmaya yönelik yeni yaklaşımımız, kuantum hesaplama alanında günümüzün en kritik kuantum donanım sorunlarından birinin ele alınmasına yardımcı oluyor.” açıklamasını yaptı.

Bu gibi, iki kübitli kapılardaki ve optimizasyon sorunları gibi problemler için geliştirilen tekniklerin, hataların tamamını veya bir kısmını çözmesi kuantum bilgisayarlarının ilerlemesini önemli ölçüde katkı sağlıyor.

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