Bilimin ve teknolojinin çok hızlı bir şekilde geliştiği, dönüşüme uğradığı bir çağdayız. Çok değil, sadece 30 yıl önce ancak hayallerde yer edinebilecek teknolojileri ve gelişmeleri artık gündelik hayatımızda deneyimleyebiliyoruz. Buna verebileceğimiz en basit örnek: klasik bilgisayar kullanımının, internet devriminin ve mobil teknolojilerin gelişimi olabilir.
Bu örnekler ve onlara ilave olacak çok daha fazla yeniliği, klasik bilgisayarların ve onların hesaplama gücüyle inşa ettiğimiz bir gerçek. Ancak yine de bu günün sistemlerinin asla çözemeyeceği zorluklar var. Klasik bilgisayarların yüzlerce ve hatta binlerce yıl boyunca aralıksız çalışması gerekecek problemler, simülasyonlar var! Süper bilgisayarlar bile çok yüksek hesaplama gücüne sahip olmalarına rağmen bazı hesapları anca aylar içerisinde tamamlayabilmekteler. Kısacası, belirli bir boyut ve karmaşıklığın üzerindeki sorunlar için, Dünya’da bunlarla başa çıkmak için yeterli hesaplama gücümüz yok.
Bu sorunların bazılarını çözme şansına sahip olmak için yeni bir hesaplama türüne ihtiyacımız var. İşte tam bu noktada da kuantum bilişim ya da kuantum hesaplama modeli bize bir çıkış yolu sunuyor.
Kısaca Kuantum Bilişim
Kuantum bilişim, günümüzün hemen hemen her yerde bulunan klasik bilgisayarlarından hesaplama ve çalışma mantığından tamamen farklıdır. Kuantum mekaniğinin benzersiz davranışından yararlanarak yeni ve güçlü bir bilişim modeli sunar.
Bu modele göre kuantum hesaplaması yapan kuantum bilgisayarlar, kübit (qubit) veya kuantum bit (quantum bit) sayısı ile katlanarak ölçeklenen durumlar oluşturmak için süper pozisyon ve dolaşıklık ilkelerinden faydalanır.
Atom ve atom altı parçacıkların dünyasında, işler beklenmedik şekillerde davranmaya başlar. Bu davranışları model olarak alan kuantum bilgisayarlar, parçacıkların bir seferde birden fazla durumda bulunabilmesinden yararlanarak çalışan bir mekanizmaya sahiptirler. Kuantum bilişime ya da kuantum hesaplamaya bu şekilde olanak tanırlar.
Kuantum bilişim modelinde geleneksel bilgisayarların kullandığı bitler yerine, kuantum bilgisayarı kübit olarak bilinen kuantum bitleri kullanır. Kübit kullanan bir bilgisayar çok büyük miktarda bilgi depolayabilir ve bunu klasik bir bilgisayardan daha az enerji kullanarak gerçekleştirir.
Kısa Tarihi
Kuantum hesaplama kavramı, fizikçi Paul Benioff‘un Turing makinesinin kuantum mekanik bir modelini önerdiği 1980’li yılların başında ortaya çıkmıştır. Daha sonrasında ise Richard Feynman ve Yuri Manin kuantum bilgisayarın klasik bir bilgisayarın yapamayacağı hesaplamaları yapabilme potansiyeline sahip olduğunu öne sürmüşlerdir. 1994 yılında ise Peter Shor, bir tür açık anahtarlı şifreleme algoritması olan RSA şifreleme yöntemli iletişimlerin şifresini çözme potansiyeline sahip tam sayıları çarpanlarına ayırmak için bir kuantum algoritması geliştirmiştir. 1990’ların sonlarından bu yana devam eden deneysel ilerlemeye rağmen, çoğu araştırmacı “hataya dayanıklı kuantum hesaplamanın [hala] oldukça uzak bir rüya olduğuna inanmaktadır. Son yıllarda, hem kamu hem de özel sektörde kuantum bilişim araştırmalarına yönelik yatırımlarını arttırmıştır. 23 Ekim 2019’da Google AI, ABD Ulusal Havacılık ve Uzay Dairesi (NASA) ile ortaklaşa, kuantum üstünlüğüne (quantum supremacy) sahip olduklarını iddia ettikleri bir bildiri yayınladı. Bazıları bu iddiayı tartışmış olsa da, kuantum hesaplama tarihinde hala önemli bir kilometre taşı şimdiden olmuştur.
Kuantum Bilişim Modelleri
Kuantum devre modeli, kuantum Turing makinesi, adyabatik kuantum bilgisayarı, tek yönlü kuantum bilgisayarı ve çeşitli kuantum hücresel otomatları dahil olmak üzere çeşitli kuantum hesaplama modelleri bulunur. Yaygın olarak kullanılan ve üzerine yoğunlaşılan model kuantum devre modelidir. Kuantum devreleri, kuantum bitine veya klasik hesaplamadaki bite biraz benzeyen kübite dayanır. Kübitler 1 veya 0 kuantum durumunda olabilir veya 1 ve 0 durumlarının bir üst üste bindirilmesinde olabilir. Bununla birlikte, kübitler ölçüldüğünde sonuç daima 0 veya 1’dir; bu iki sonucun olasılıkları, ölçümden hemen önce oldukları kuantum duruma bağlıdır. Hesaplama, kübitlerin klasik mantık kapılarına biraz benzeyen kuantum mantık kapıları ile manipüle edilmesiyle gerçekleştirilir.
Bir kuantum bilgisayarını tasarlamaya ve fiziksel olarak uygulamaya yönelik iki ana yaklaşım vardır: analog ve dijital.
- Analog yaklaşımlar ayrıca kuantum simülasyonu, kuantum tavlama ve adyabatik kuantum hesaplamasına ayrılır.
- Dijital kuantum bilgisayarlar, hesaplama yapmak için kuantum mantık kapılarını kullanır.
Her iki yaklaşım da kuantum bitleri veya kübitler kullanır. Şu anda bizlere fayda sağlayacak şekilde kullanılabilecek kuantum bilgisayarları oluşturma yolunda bazı önemli engeller bulunmaktadır. Özellikle, kuantum ayrışmasına eğilimli oldukları için kübitlerin kuantum durumlarını korumak zordur ve kuantum bilgisayarlar, klasik bilgisayarlara göre çok daha kompleks hata düzeltmeleri gerektirirler.
Klasik bir bilgisayar tarafından çözülebilen herhangi bir hesaplama problemi, prensip olarak, bir kuantum bilgisayarı tarafından da çözülebilir. Aynı şekilde tersine, kuantum bilgisayarlar Church-Turing tezine uymaktadır; yani, bir kuantum bilgisayar tarafından çözülebilen herhangi bir hesaplama problemi klasik bir bilgisayar tarafından da çözülebilir. Bu, kuantum bilgisayarların hesaplanabilirlik açısından klasik bilgisayarlar üzerinde ek bir güç sağlamadığı anlamına gelmekle birlikte, bazı problemleri çözmenin karmaşıklığı söz konusu olduğunda teoride ek güç sağlarlar. Özellikle, kuantum bilgisayarların, hiçbir klasik bilgisayarın mümkün olan herhangi bir zamanda çözemediği belirli sorunları hızla çözebileceğine inanılmaktadır.
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