IBM Araştırmacıları, Nature Physics Dergisinde Yayınlanan Yeni Bir Çalışmada Deneysel Olarak Kuantum Avantajına Giden Yolda Yeni Bir Adım Gösterdiler
Bu kuantum deneyleri için küçük bir adım olabilir, ancak IBM bilim insanları yakın tarihli bir deneyin kuantum bilgisayarlarının belirli görevlerde klasik cihazlara göre, nasıl en iyi şekilde kullanabileceğini göstermede büyük bir sıçrama sunduğunu iddia ediyor.
Hesaplamaları gerçekleştirmek için kuantum mekaniğinin yasalarını kullanan kuantum bilgisayarlar, teorik olarak klasik bilgisayarlardan bir dizi hesaplamada çok daha iyidir, ancak bu kuantum avantajını kanıtlamak bir zorluk olmaya devam etmektedir. Kuantum bilgisayarların kitlesel benimsemeye sahip olmaları için, uzmanlara ve özellikle eleştirmenlere göre pratik görevlerde bu avantajı göstermeleri gerekir.
Nature Physics’te yayınlanan IBM deneyinde, bilim insanları şirketten bir blog yazısına göre mevcut bellek miktarı veya “alan” ile sınırlı bir deney tasarladılar. Hesaplama ve depolama için bir kübit (veya kuantum biti) ile biri kuantum diğeri klasik olmak üzere iki sınırlı alan devresi inşa ettiler. Devreler, üç giriş bitinin çoğunluğunu bulmak üzere programlandı, ardından bitlerin yarısından fazlası sıfırsa sıfır, bitlerin yarısından fazlası birse bir döndürür.
Araştırmacılar şöyle açıklıyor: “Ekibimiz hesaplamayı devreler açısından düşünüyor. Bir devrenin başlangıcında, yüzme kulvarlarındaki yüzücüler gibi bir dizi klasik veya kuantum bitimiz vardır. Bu bitleri bir başlangıç değerine ayarlıyoruz ve ardından devre, kapılardan oluşan, kullanıcı tarafından yazılan bir program aracılığıyla ilerliyor. Farklı geçitlerin bu bitler üzerinde farklı etkileri vardır. Böyle bir devrenin çıktısı, hem klasik hem de kuantum durumda sıfırlar ve birler kümesidir.”
Araştırmacılar, devrelerin iki girişli kapılar kullanmakla sınırlı olduğunu ve bir parça hesaplama/arta kalan alanı kullanmakla sınırlı olduğunu söyledi. Bu, ekibe göre klasik ve kuantum hesaplamalı uzayın gücü arasında adil bir karşılaştırma sunuyor.
Teorik olarak, hesaplama ve depolama için tek bir bit ile donatılmış klasik bir sistem algoritmayı çalıştırmasını yapamazken, gürültüsüz bir kuantum bilgisayar zamanın %100’ünde sonuç verir.
Ancak, geçerli kuantum bilgisayarlar gürültülü ara aşama kuantum bilgisayarlar veya NISQ olarak tanımlanır.
Kuantum bilgisayarlarının başarı olasılığını düşüren problerden biri olan gürültüye rağmen, IBM araştırmacıları gerçek hayattaki deneylerinde, programı daha verimli çalıştırmak için kalibre edilmiş devreler ve geçitlerle(CNOT geçidi), klasik sistemin %87.5’luk başarısını yenen, %93’lük bir başarı oranına sahip olduklarını buldular.
Araştırmacı ekip, “IBM Quantum ekibi, günümüzün en zor kuantum hesaplama problemlerinden bazıları için hızlandırma sağlayacağını umduğumuz donanımların yanı sıra, bu donanımın performansını en üst düzeye çıkarmak için kuantum hesaplamalarıyla erişilebilen çeşitli işlemlerde iyileştirmeler sağlamaya devam ediyor”, “Bu gelişmenin ortasında, teori ekibi aynı derecede önemli işleri yürütmeye devam edecek: kuantum hesaplamanın benzersizliğini ve bu benzersizliğin klasik bilgisayarlara göre ne tür faydalar sağlayabileceğini araştırmak ve göstermek.” açıklamasında bulundular.
Bilimsel Gelişmeler
Araştırmacılar, deneyin sadece kuantum bilgisayarların potansiyel pratikliğini göstermediğini, aynı zamanda derin bilimsel anlayışları da yansıttığını söyledi.
Aynı zamanda bu makale, fizikçi Alexander Holevo tarafından belirlenen iyi bilinen bir sınırı “kırıyor” gibi görünüyor. Holevo’nun çalışmalarından bir kübitin yalnızca bir bit bilgi depolanabileceğini biliyoruz, ancak bu makalade bir hesaplamanın ara sonuçları olarak birden fazla bit depolayabileceğimizi gösteriyor.
Kuantum fiziği ile açıklanamayan kuantum sistemlerinin performansı, fizikçi John Stewart Bell’in çalışmalarında, özellikle Bell’in teoreminde işaret ettiği bir anlayış olan kuantum bilgi biliminin merkezinde yer alır. Klasik fizik kuralları, kuantum mekaniğinin kurallarına uyan ilişkili parçacıkların davranışını açıklamakta başarısız olur.
Araştırmacılar, “Ekibimiz, benzer ruhlu testlerimizle Bell’in mirasını sürdürdü. Bu çalışmadan önce, mevcut bitleri değil, hesaplamanın derinliğini sınırlandırılırsa ne olacağını araştırdık.”, “Bu ‘yüzeysel devrelerde’ klasik bilgisayarlara göre yalnızca mükemmel kuantum bilgisayarların değil, aynı zamanda gürültülü kuantum bilgisayarların bile avantaj sağladığını kanıtladık. Birlikte ele alındığında, çalışmamız kuantum bilgisayarların hem hesaplama zamanı hem de uzay açısından klasik bilgisayarlarla nasıl karşılaştırıldığını gösteriyor.” açıklamasında bulundular.
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