15 Haziran 2020’de çevrim içi olarak Nature Nanotechnology’de yayınlanan yeni bir makalede Basel, Bochum ve Kopenhag’dan araştırmacılar, kuantum noktalarının (quantum dots) enerji durumları hakkında yeni bir keşif gerçekleştirdikleri duyurdular. Bu keşif ile daha önce sadece teorik olarak tahmin edilen kuantum noktalarındaki bazı enerji geçişlerinin kanıtlarını gösterdiler.
Basel ve Kopenhag’daki araştırmacılar Ruhr Üniversitesi Bochum’da bulunan Uygulamalı Katı Hal Fiziği ekibinin ürettiği özel örnekleri kullanarak: radyatif Auger etkisinin (radiative Auger effect) deneysel doğrulamasını başardılar. Yarı iletken nanoyapılar ve kuantum iletişimi için umut verici olan bu yapı taşları için oldukça güzel bir gelişme…
Dilerseniz biz de bu gelişmeye bir göz atalım. 🙂
Özel enerji geçişleri
Atomlar, bir veya daha fazla negatif yüklü elektronla çevrelenmiş pozitif yüklü bir çekirdekten oluşmaktadır. Atomdaki bir elektron yüksek enerjiye sahip olduğunda, enerjisini iyi bilinen iki işlemle azaltabilir:
- İlk işlemde enerji tek bir foton şeklinde salınır ve diğer elektronlar etkilenmez.
- Diğer yol ise, yüksek enerjili elektronun tüm enerjisini atomdaki diğer elektronlara verdiği bir Auger sürecidir. Bu etki 1922’de Lise Meitner ve Pierre Victor Auger tarafından keşfedilmiştir.
Auger etkisi, bir atomun, aynı atom arasında bir elektron emisyon ile atomdaki boşlukları doldurması olayıdır. Bir çekirdek elektron kaldırıldığında, bir boşluk bırakır ve daha yüksek enerji düzeyinden bir elektron bu boşluğu doldurur. Çoğu zaman bu enerji yayılan bir foton şeklinde salınmasına rağmen, enerji atomdan çıkarılan başka bir elektrona da aktarılabilir; bu ikinci çıkarılan elektrona Auger elektronu denmektedir.


Yaklaşık on yıl sonra, fizikçi Felix Bloch tarafından teorik olarak üçüncü bir olasılık gösterilmiştir: radyatif Auger etkisi.
Bu etkide, bir iç kabuğun atomik boşluk durumunun bir bozunum kanalı (decay channel) olup, burada bir elektronun bir bağlılık veya süreklilik durumuna eş zamanlı olarak yükseltilmesine eşlik eden bir x-ışını fotonu yayılır. Yarı iletken bir kuantum noktası ile birçok yönden benzemektedir. Bununla birlikte, kuantum noktaları için, radyatif Auger süreci şimdiye kadar sadece teorik olarak tahmin edilmekteydi. Şimdi ise Dr. Matthias Löbl ve Profesör Richard Warburton, Bochum ve Kopenhag’daki meslektaşlarıyla birlikte, sadece tek bir foton ve bir Auger elektronu sınırında radyatif Auger etkisini gözlemlediler. İlk kez, araştırmacılar radyatif Auger etkisi ve kuantum optiği arasındaki bağlantıyı göstermiş oldular. Radyatif Auger etkisi ile kuantum optik ölçümleri yapılabilmesi, tek bir elektronun dinamiklerini araştırmak için bir araç olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.
Potansiyel uygulamaları
Radyatif Auger efektini kullanarak, bilim insanları kuantum noktalarında tek bir elektron için mevcut olan kuantum mekanik enerji seviyelerinin yapısını kesin olarak belirleyebilirler. Şimdiye kadar, bu sadece dolaylı olarak optik yöntemlerle birlikte hesaplamalar yoluyla mümkün olmuştu. Artık doğrudan bir kanıt sağlanmış oldu. Bu keşif, kuantum mekanik sistemleri daha iyi anlamaya yardımcı olacaktır.
Kararlı ortamlarda farklı kuantum noktaları

Araştırma grubu, radyatif Auger etkisini sadece indiyum arsenit (InAs) yarı iletkeninin kuantum noktalarında gözlemlemedi. Dr.Julian Ritzmann, Dr.Arne Ludwig ve Prof. Andreas Wieck’in Bochum ekibi de yarı iletken galyum arsenitten (GaAs) kuantum noktası üretmeyi başardı. Her iki sistemde de, Bochum ekibi radyatif Auger işlemi için belirleyici olan kuantum noktasının çok kararlı bir haline ulaştı. Uzun yıllardır Ruhr-Universität Bochum’daki grup stabil kuantum noktaları için en uygun koşullar üzerinde çalışmaktaydılar.
Kaynakça
- Ruhr Üniversitesi tarafından Materyal
- Matthias C. Löbl, Clemens Spinnler, Alisa Javadi, Liang Zhai, Giang N. Nguyen, Julian Ritzmann, Leonardo Midolo, Peter Lodahl, Andreas D. Wieck, Arne Ludwig, Richard J. Warburton. Radiative Auger process in the single-photon limit. Nature Nanotechnology, 2020; DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-0697-2
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