ABD Enerji Bakanlığı’nın Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Stanford Üniversitesi ve Purdue Üniversitesi’nden bir ekip, optik fiberden geçen dolanık fotonlar kullanarak ORNL’deki coğrafi olarak yalıtılmış sistemler ile paylaşılan bilgilere gerçek zamanlı ayarlamalar sağlamak için yeni, tamamen işlevsel bir kuantum yerel alan ağı veya QLAN(Quantum Local Area Network) geliştirdi ve gösterdi.
Bu ağ, uzmanların kuantum bilgisayarlarını ve sensörlerini pratik ölçekte rutin olarak nasıl bağlayabileceklerini örnekliyor, böylece bu yeni nesil teknolojilerin merakla beklenen kuantum internetine giden yolda tam potansiyelini fark ediyor. Ekibin PRX Quantum’da yayınlanan sonuçları, yıllarca süren ilgili araştırmaların doruk noktasını işaret ediyor.
Klasik bilgi işlem cihazlarını bağlayan yerel ağlarda yeni bir şey yoktur ve QLAN’lar masa üstü çalışmalarda başarıyla test edilmiştir. QKD (kuantum anahtar dağıtımı) şimdiye kadar alandaki kuantum iletişiminin en yaygın örneği olmuştur, ancak bu prosedür sınırlıdır, çünkü alanlar arasında dolanıklık değil, yalnızca güvenlik oluşturur.
ORNL’deki Kuantum Bilgi Bilimi bölüm başkanı Nicholas Peters, “Dolaşıklık dağıtımı bant genişliği gibi kritik işlevleri anlayarak kuantum bir internet oluşturabileceğimiz bir temel oluşturmaya çalışıyoruz”, “Amacımız, kuantum ağ uygulamalarını göstermek için ihtiyaç duyduğumuz temel araçları ve yapı taşlarını geliştirmektir, böylece kuantum avantajlarını gerçekleştirmek için gerçek ağlarda kullanılabilirler.” açıklamalarında bulundu.
İki foton (ışık parçacıkları) eşleştirildiğinde veya dolandığında, aralarındaki fiziksel mesafeye bakılmaksızın, herhangi bir klasik yöntemle mümkün olandan daha güçlü kuantum korelasyonları sergilerler. Bu etkileşimler, yalnızca kuantum kaynakları kullanılarak elde edilebilen mantık dışı kuantum iletişim protokollerini mümkün kılar.
Bu protokollerden biri, uzak durum hazırlığı, dolaşmış bir foton çiftinin yarısını ölçerek ve diğer yarısını etkili bir şekilde tercih edilen kuantum durumuna dönüştürerek bilgileri kodlamak için dolanıklık ve klasik iletişimden yararlanır. Peters, fizik doktorasını kazanırken 2005 yılında uzak durum hazırlığının ilk genel deneysel gerçekleşmesine öncülük etti. Ekip bu tekniği QLAN’daki tüm eşleştirilmiş bağlantılara uyguladı (bu daha önce bir ağda gerçekleştirilmemiş bir başarı) ve dolanıklık tabanlı kuantum iletişiminin ölçeklenebilirliğini gösterdi.
Bu yaklaşım, ekibin ORNL’nin kampüsündeki üç ayrı binadaki üç farklı araştırma laboratuvarında bulunan “Alice”, “Bob” ve “Charlie” (kuantum iletimleri yoluyla iletişim kurabilen kurgusal karakterler için yaygın olarak kullanılan adlar) olarak bilinen üç uzak bağlantı noktasını birbirine bağlamasına izin verdi. Alice ve foton kaynağını içeren laboratuvardan, fotonlar ORNL’nin mevcut fiber optik altyapısı aracılığıyla Bob ve Charlie’ye dolanıklık dağıttı.
Kuantum ağları, dolanık fotonlar tarafından paylaşılan kuantum korelasyonlarına müdahale eden amplifikatörler ve diğer klasik sinyal artırıcı kaynaklarla uyumsuzdur. Bu potansiyel dezavantajı göz önünde bulunduran ekip, QLAN bağlantısını kesmeden kuantum kaynaklarını ağ kullanıcılarına tahsis etmek ve yeniden tahsis etmek için dalga boyu seçici anahtarlar kullanan esnek şebeke bant genişliği sağlamayı dahil etti. Bu teknik, ağ operatörlerinin, trafiğin ağın hızını kesintiye uğratmadan veya güvenlik protokollerinden ödün vermeden başka alanlara yönlendirerek, bozuk bir fiber gibi beklenmedik bir olaya yanıt verebileceği bir tür yerleşik hataya dayanıklılık sağlar.
Wigner Fellow ve ORNL’de araştırma bilimcisi ve aynı zamanda ekibin elektrik mühendisliği uzmanı olan Joseph Lukens, “Bir ağdaki talep zaman içinde veya farklı konfigürasyonlarla değişebileceğinden, belirli kullanıcılara her zaman aynı bölümleri atayan sabit dalga boylu kanallara sahip bir sisteme sahip olmak istemezsiniz. Bunun yerine, ağdaki kullanıcılara ihtiyaçlarına göre daha fazla veya daha az bant genişliği sağlama esnekliğine ihtiyacınız var.” açıklamasında bulundu.
Tipik klasik karşılıklarıyla karşılaştırıldığında, kuantum ağlarının çok daha yakından senkronize edilmesi için her bağlantı noktası etkinliğinin zamanlaması gerekir. Bu gereksinimi karşılamak için araştırmacılar, günlük navigasyon hizmetleri sağlamak için uydu verilerini kullanan aynı çok yönlü ve uygun maliyetli teknoloji olan GPS’e güvendiler. Bob’un laboratuvarında bulunan bir GPS anteni kullanan ekip, GPS tabanlı saatlerin birkaç nanosaniye içinde senkronize olduğundan ve deney sırasında birbirinden ayrılmayacağından emin olmak için sinyali her bağlantı noktasıyla paylaştı.
Foton dedektörleri tarafından yakalanan dolanık fotonların gelişi için hassas zaman damgaları elde eden ekip, bu ölçümleri QLAN’dan klasik bir ağa gönderdi ve burada her üç laboratuvardan da yüksek kaliteli veriler elde ettiler.
Lukens, “Projenin bu kısmı, çok sıkı toleranslara sahip zorlu bir klasik ağ deneyi haline geldi.”, “Klasik bir ağda zamanlama nadiren bu hassasiyet seviyesini veya farklı laboratuvarlar arasındaki kodlama ve senkronizasyonla ilgili ayrıntılara bu kadar dikkat etmeyi gerektirir.” açıklamalarında bulundu.
GPS sinyali olmadan, QLAN gösterimi, kuantum durumları arasındaki mesafeyi ölçen kuantum ağ performansına bağlı bir matematiksel ölçüm olan daha düşük kaliteli veriler ve daha düşük aslına uygunluk elde edilebilirdi.
Ekip, daha fazla bağlantı noktası eklemek ve dalga boyu seçici anahtarları bir araya getirmek de dahil olmak üzere QLAN’a yapılan küçük yükseltmelerin, internetin gerçek tanımı olan birbirine bağlı ağların kuantum versiyonlarını oluşturacağını öngörüyor.
ORNL’de doktora sonrası araştırma görevlisi olan ve proje için önemli olan alanda bilgisayar bilimi uzmanlığı getiren Muneer Alshowkan, ”İnternet, birçok küçük ağdan oluşan büyük bir ağdır”, “Kuantum internetin geliştirilmesine yönelik bir sonraki büyük adım, QLAN’ı diğer kuantum ağlarına bağlamaktır.” açıklamalarında bulundu.
Ek olarak, ekibin bulguları, evrenin baskın madde kaynağı olduğu düşünülen görünmez madde olan karanlık maddenin kanıtlarını aramak için kullanımlar gibi diğer algılama tekniklerini geliştirmek için uygulanabilir.
Peters, “Temel yüksek enerjili fizik etkilerini görme yeteneğine sahip kuantum sensörleri ağları inşa etmeyi hayal edin”, “Bu teknolojiyi geliştirerek, karanlık madde arayışına ve evreni daha iyi anlamak vb. diğer çabalara yardımcı olmak ve bu fenomenleri ölçmek için gereken hassasiyeti azaltmayı hedefliyoruz.” açıklamalarında bulundu.
Araştırmacılar, hataların sayısını (ağdaki gürültü kaynakları) azaltmak ve qlan’ın hizmet kalitesini daha da artırmak için daha gelişmiş zamanlama senkronizasyon yöntemlerini uygulamaya odaklanacak olan bir sonraki deneylerini şimdiden planlıyorlar.
Bu çalışma, DOE Bilim Ofisi tarafından Early Career Research Program, the Transparent Optical Quantum Networks for Distributed Science Program ve Basic Energy Sciences program’s Materials Sciences and Engineering Division aracılığıyla finanse edildi. ORNL’deki Intelligence Community Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Program ve National Science Foundation aracılığıyla Quantum Information Science and Engineering Network tarafından ek destek sağlandı.
UT-Battelle, ABD’deki fiziksel bilimlerde temel araştırmaların en büyük destekçisi olan DOE’nin Bilim Ofisi için ORNL’yi yönetiyor. DOE’nin Bilim Ofisi, günümüzün en acil zorluklarından bazılarını ele almak için çalışıyor. Daha fazla bilgi için: https://energy.gov/science adresini ziyaret edebilirsiniz. -Elizabeth Rosenthal
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