Fizik biliminde, kuantum, bir etkileşime dahil olan herhangi bir fiziksel varlığın (fiziksel özellik) minimum miktarına denmektedir. Latincesi kuantum olan kelime, Türkçe “miktar” anlamına gelmektedir. Çoğunlukla Alman fizikçi Max Planck ile özdeşleştirilse de kuantum kelimesi 1900’den önce biliniyordu. “Yeterli olan miktar” anlamına gelen “quantum satis” terimi doktorlar tarafından sıklıkla kullanılırdı. Fizikçiler arasında da kullanımı elbette bulunuyordu: Hermann von Helmholtz ve Julius von Mayer’in çalışmasıyla ilgili makalesinde yer almıştır. Ayriyeten kuantum kelimesi Mayer tarafından 24 Temmuz 1841 tarihli bir yazdığı bir makalede termodinamiğin birinci yasasının formülasyonunda da bulunmaktadır. Daha sonrasında ise Philipp Lenard‘ın “elektrik kuantusu” (elektron) için kullandığı “kuanta” (tekil kullanımı) tabiri 1902’de fotoelektrik etki üzerine yazdığı makalede yer aldı.
Modern fizik anlayışında ise enerji veya madde gibi herhangi bir fiziksel özelliğin mümkün olan en küçük ayrık birimi anlamına gelir. Örneğin; foton tek bir kuantum ışıktır (veya herhangi bir elektromanyetik radyasyon formudur). Benzer şekilde, bir atomun içine bağlı bir elektronun enerjisi olarak nicelendirilir ve sadece belirli ayrık değerlerde var olabilir. (Aslında, atomlar ve madde genel olarak stabildir, çünkü elektronlar sadece bir atom içindeki ayrık enerji seviyelerinde bulunabilir.)
Kuantalama (nicemleme) , kuantum mekaniğinin çok daha geniş fiziğinin temellerinden biridir. Enerjinin kuantalanması ve bunun enerjinin ve maddenin etkileşimi üzerindeki etkisi (kuantum elektrodinamiği), doğayı anlamak ve tanımlamak için temel çerçevenin bir parçasıdır.
Kuantum kelimesi, fizikçi Max Planck’ın Alman Fizik Derneği’ne bir sunumda söylemesinin ardından fizik literatüründe sıklıkla kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Planck, bireysel enerji birimlerini temsil eden bir figür içeren matematiksel denkleminde birimlere kuantum tanımlamasını yapmıştır. Planck, kuantanın keşfinden yola çıkarak eksik bir teori olduğunu varsaydı, ancak aslında onların varlığı tamamen yeni ve temel bir doğa yasası olduğu çok geçmeden ortaya çıkacaktı…
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